1:: Computing Paradigms

Computing paradigm depicted below.

Talking in detail on above...

1) Ubiquitous/ Pervasive computing

•It is an advanced computing concept where computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere.

•Ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms - laptop, tablets, terminals, phones, etc.

•Move beyond desktop machine

•Ex: digital audio players, radio-frequency identification tags, PDAs, smartphones, GPS, and interactive whiteboards

2) Distributed Computing

“ A Distributed System is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system ” [Tanenbaum]
“ A Distributed System is
-a system having several computers that do not share a memory or a clock
-Communication is via message passing
-Each computer has its own OS+Memory
[Shivaratri & Singhal]

Cloud computing is also a specialized form of distributed computing, where distributed SaaS applications utilize thin clients (such as browsers) which offload computation to cloud-hosted servers (and services).

Cluster Computing:

A computer cluster is a group of loosely or tightly coupled computers that work together closely so that in many respects it can be viewed as though it were a single computer

Better performance and availability and more cost‐ effectiveness over single computer with same capabilities

Grid Computing:

grid is a collection of resources owned by multiple organizations that is coordinated to allow them to solve a common problem

The Saga of Grid Computing continues....

Vision: To enable computing to be delivered as a utility

This vision is most often presented with an analogy to electrical power grids, from which it derives the name “grid”

The key emphasis of grid computing was to enable sharing of computing resources or forming a pool of shared resources that can then be delivered to users.

 Focus of grid computing was limited to enabling shared use of resources with common protocols for access

a particular emphasis was given to handle heterogeneous infrastructure, which was typical of a university datacenter.

"coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations.”

- Ian Foster & Steve Tucker -> "Anatomy of Grid“

Grid (three-point checklist)?

1.Co-ordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control

2.Using standard, open, general purpose protocols and interfaces

3.To deliver nontrivial quality of service

3) Parallel Computing

Calculations of large problems are divided into smaller parts and carried out simultaneously/concurrently on different processors

4) Utility Computing

•Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation, storage and applications, as a metered service similar to traditional public utility (such as electricity, water, natural gas, or the telephone network).

•This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer resources; instead, computational resources are essentially rented

You get connected to the utility companies’ “public” infrastructure

You get these utility services on‐demand

And you pay‐as‐you use (metered service)

** Cloud computing is the most recent technology innovation which has made utility computing a reality

5) Autonomic Computing

It refers to self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources, which recognize and understand changes in the system, take appropriate corrective actions completely automatically, with close to zero human intervention.